解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract::The popularity of antidepressants in the treatment of insomnia is not supported by a large amount of convincing data, but rather by opinions and beliefs of the prescribing physicians on the advantages of these agents compared with drugs acting on the benzodiazepine receptor or other drugs used for the treatment of ins...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/0003495-200868170-00001
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used in the treatment of acid-peptic diseases. Their mechanism of action involves inhibition of the H-K-adenosine triphosphatase enzyme present in the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. Because PPIs are the most potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion available, they eff...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200868070-00004
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The introduction of medications that target specific proinflammatory cytokines has revolutionized the management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The agents that antagonize the effects of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha -- infliximab, etanercept and adalimumab -- have consistently shown very good efficacy for...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200868050-00003
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lanreotide Autogel (ATG) [Somatuline Depot] is a novel, long-acting preparation of the somatostatin analogue lanreotide acetate that acts via somatostatin receptors to reduce both growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels. It is indicated for the management of acromegaly and, relative to most...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200868050-00013
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypopituitarism is a rare disorder, but its prevalence has increased as a result of an increase in secondary causes of hypopituitarism such as traumatic brain injury and cranial irradiation. Estrogen with or without progestogen (progestin) treatment is conventional therapy in women with hypopituitarism. Recent data de...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200868150-00001
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is important to distinguish between therapy used to reduce acute inflammation in gout and therapy used to manage hyperuricaemia in patients with chronic gouty arthritis. This article discusses treatments for acute gout, emphasizing the use of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone; ACTH) and the evidence on wh...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200868040-00002
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nausea and vomiting is a common and distressing symptom complex in patients with far-advanced cancer, affecting up to 60% of individuals at some stage of their illness. The current approach to the palliative care of patients with nausea and vomiting is based on identifying the cause, understanding its pathophysiology ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/0003495-200868180-00004
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::With changing donor characteristics and the growing shortage in organ supply, renal transplant practitioners have sought to optimize the use of expanded criteria donor (ECD) kidneys, which have poorer outcomes than standard criteria donor (SCD) kidneys. The outcomes may represent an acceptable trade-off if ECD transpl...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200868001-00006
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vildagliptin (Galvus) is an antihyperglycaemic agent that selectively inhibits the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) enzyme. Such inhibition prevents the degradation of the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). This results in improved glycaemic control ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/0003495-200868160-00009
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Approximately 15% of patients with ulcerative colitis will experience a severe episode requiring hospitalization. Although intravenous corticosteroids are the current first-line therapy for these patients, about 30% of patients do not respond to corticosteroids and require either an alternative anti-inflammatory agent...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200868090-00001
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pain is an unpleasant sensation that originates from ongoing or impending tissue damage. Management of different types of pain (acute, postoperative, inflammatory, neuropathic or cancer) is the most frequent issue encountered by clinicians and pharmacological therapy is the first line of approach for the treatment of ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200767150-00002
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has made considerable progress in recent years, and new emerging strategies are being developed. On the basis of the results of two randomised studies in the early 2000s, nephrectomy has now become the standard as cytoreductive surgery before embarking on systemic treatment wit...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200767090-00002
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mantle cell lymphoma is a rare yet well defined subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The correct histological diagnosis of this lymphoma subtype is of the utmost importance; however, it is also a very difficult diagnosis. Clinical management is often complex, and despite the successful introduction of monoclonal ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200767120-00004
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Viral respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are common causes of mild illness in immunocompetent children and adults, with occasional significant morbidity or mortality in the very young, very old or infirm. However, recipients of solid organ transplants (SOT) or haematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) are at marked...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200767100-00004
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The 'funny' (pacemaker, I(f)) current, first described almost 30 years ago in sinoatrial node (SAN) myocytes, is a mixed sodium/potassium inward current, activated on hyperpolarisation in the diastolic range of voltages. 'Funny' (f) channels are activated by intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentr...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200767002-00003
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The continuous-use combination oral contraceptive ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel 20microg/90microg suppresses gonadotropins, and subsequently ovulation and endometrial thickening, and suppresses breakthrough bleeding. Amenorrhoea and absence of breakthrough bleeding increase in incidence with extended administration....
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200767160-00010
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Allergic rhinitis represents a global health burden. The disease can seriously affect quality of life and is associated with multiple co-morbidities. Histamine and leukotrienes are important pro-inflammatory mediators in nasal allergic inflammation. Their actions on target cells are mediated through specific receptors...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200767180-00006
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fluticasone furoate nasal spray is a new topical intranasal corticosteroid with enhanced affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor and low systemic exposure, which was recently approved in the US for the treatment of seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis in adults and in children aged >or=2 years. Fluticasone furoate...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200767130-00010
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is now good evidence that T cells play a central role in the inflammatory pathway that leads to the persistent synovitis that causes joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). T cells require two signals to become activated. The second step in the activation of T cells involves costimulatory pathways, the best d...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200767010-00001
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Voriconazole (VFEND), a synthetic second-generation, broad-spectrum triazole derivative of fluconazole, inhibits the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent enzyme 14-alpha-sterol demethylase, thereby disrupting the cell membrane and halting fungal growth. In the US, intravenous and/or oral voriconazole is recommended in adul...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200767020-00009
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gastric cancer is the seventh and oesophageal cancer the ninth most common cancer in the UK, and >50% of patients present with locally advanced or metastatic disease. The incidence of oesophageal and oesophagogastric junctional tumours is increasing, making these important disease entities to understand and research. ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200767170-00006
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rupatadine (Rupafin, Rinialer, Rupax, Alergoliber) is a selective oral histamine H(1)-receptor antagonist that has also been shown to have platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist activity in vitro. It is indicated for use in seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR), perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR) and chronic idiopathic...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200767030-00008
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) is increasingly being reported in many regions throughout the world. The reasons for this are unknown, are likely to be multifactorial, and are the subject of several current investigations. In addition to the upsurge in frequency of CDAD, an increased rate of relapse/re...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200767040-00001
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BTX-A) weakens voluntary muscle strength and is an effective therapy for focal dystonia, including cervical dystonia (CD) and benign essential blepharospasm (BEB). It is also known to relieve hemifacial spasm and focal spasticity in children and adults. In addition, BTX-A has been shown to...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200767050-00003
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several large-scale clinical trials have assessed the efficacy of atorvastatin in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus and/or metabolic syndrome. In primary prevention, CARDS (Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study) showed that atorvastatin 10 mg/day (vs p...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200767001-00005
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::For almost half a century, the first-line treatment for ovulation induction in cases of anovulation, unexplained infertility, or mild male factor has been clomifene (clomiphene citrate). Clomifene is an effective and safely used oral agent, but is known to have relatively common antiestrogenic endometrial and cervical...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200666170-00001
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bacterial meningitis in adults is a severe disease with high fatality and morbidity rates. Experimental studies have shown that the inflammatory response in the subarachnoid space is associated with an unfavourable outcome. In these experiments, corticosteroids, and in particular dexamethasone, were able to reduce the...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200666040-00002
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Developed by Bayer in Germany, nifedipine was shown to be effective in the treatment of patients with angina pectoris by Japanese investigators. Professor Kimura first reported the efficacy of nifedipine in patients with angina pectoris and those findings have been replicated in numerous trials conducted since then. C...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200666991-00003
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Entecavir (Baraclude) is a novel nucleoside analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine whose intracellular triphosphate form inhibits replication of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). In large, randomised, double-blind, phase III clinical trials in patients with chronic HBV infection, oral entecavir 0.5 or 1.0mg once daily for up to 96 ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200666120-00009
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is characterised by an urge to move the legs, uncomfortable sensations in the legs and worsening of these symptoms during rest with at least temporary relief brought on by activity. RLS occurs in 3-15% of the general population and in 10-30% of patients on maintenance dialysis. RLS may lea...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200666050-00003
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A new formulation of paclitaxel, 130-nanometre albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel), solubilises hydrophobic paclitaxel and may increase paclitaxel delivery to tumour cells. Intravenous nab-paclitaxel 260 mg/m(2) had a higher maximum whole-blood concentration, shorter time to peak concentration, larger distributi...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003495-200666070-00007
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Levocetirizine (Xyzal) is a selective, potent, oral histamine H(1) receptor antagonist of the latest generation that is licensed for the symptomatic treatment of allergic rhinitis (including persistent allergic rhinitis [PER]) and chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU). Large, well designed trials indicate that levocetiri...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200666070-00017
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypertension affects 65 million people in the US, and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, but less than one-third of patients with hypertension are treated to goal blood pressure. Multiple factors have been cited, and include suboptimal adherence to treatment and lifestyle modifications, limited access to hea...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200666090-00006
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The incidence of multiresistance in Gram-positive cocci causing infections in critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) has increased notably in recent years. Thus, therapeutic proposals have been modified according to the emergence of multiresistant cocci and adapted to epidemiological markers...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2165/00003495-200666060-00003
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Infliximab, the chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, has profoundly changed therapy for Crohn's disease (CD). However, for ulcerative colitis (UC), before the publication of ACT 1 and ACT 2 (Active Ulcerative Colitis Trials 1 and 2), there were only a few open-label and con...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200666160-00002
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The management of mediastinitis involves directing appropriate antibacterial therapy against the potential bacterial pathogens. The increased recovery of anaerobic bacteria from mediastinal infections has led to a greater appreciation of their role in this condition and to re-evaluation of the proper treatment of this...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200666030-00004
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::HIV-associated wasting, characterised by progressive loss of lean body mass and bodyweight, remains a significant problem in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Loss of body cell mass, a component of lean body mass, is associated with decreased survival. Somatropin (recombinant human growth hormon...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200666030-00014
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multiple drugs are now available for the treatment of overactive bladder. Currently, the pharmacological approach is to deal with the problem at the neuromuscular junction by attempting to stop the activity of the neurotransmitter with antimuscarinic medications. This article reviews the positive and negative aspects ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200666100-00005
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In recent years, there have been major advances in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), leading to the development of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists. With these agents, it is possible to arrest joint damage and, by treating early in the disease course, to prevent joint damage. It is also now thought ...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200666140-00001
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide is a fixed-dose (valsartan 80, 160 or 320mg plus hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 or 25mg) angiotensin II receptor blocker/diuretic drug combination indicated for the treatment of patients with essential hypertension not adequately controlled by monotherapy.There is ample evidence that valsartan/...
journal_title:Drugs
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.2165/00003495-200666140-00011
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00